<div id="heading"><h4 class="berschrift4"><a name="mod_1545369750262_0001"></a><a name="Text_mod_1545369750262_0001"></a>Further to Principle 1: </h4></div><p class="HTextfett">Determining the required clamping force</p><p class="HText">The following equations are used to determine the required clamping force  at rotational speed.</p><p class="HText">These equations apply to longitudinal turning and to face turning operations. Drilling operations on the front end of workpieces can also be calculated. Superimposed, simultaneous machining operations, for example by several tools or turret heads can also be superimposed computationally. In other words, the required radial clamping forces for individual machining operations need to be added together.</p><p class="HText">However, it is rare for axial drilling and turning operations to be superimposed because their opposing directions of rotation usually preclude them from running simultaneously.</p><p class="HText">For computational purposes, the calculation should be based upon the point with the highest forces, that is the least favorable machining moment. If in doubt, several blade engagement situations need to be checked to record the least favorable one.</p><p class="HText">If radial drilling operations are being performed, the required radial clamping force , and especially a check of the transverse force introduced  and the resultant torque  play a central role.</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HTextfett">Scatter widths of clamping force</p><p class="HText">The following table illustrates clamping force scatter width factor .</p><p class="HText">The values for the scatter width factor apply if the system is being operated in accordance with the operating instructions, that is with regular maintenance and lubrication.</p><p class="HText">Provided that the radial clamping force is measured using appropriate measuring equipment before every start-up and continuously every 100 clamping operations, it is possible to work with the reduced and 'verified' clamping force scatter width factor shown here.</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:0;table-layout:fixed;width:100.0%;"><colgroup><col style="width:121.9pt;"><col style="width:121.85pt;"><col style="width:121.95pt;"><col style="width:121.95pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Size of the clamping head chuck</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Radial clamping reserve in the diameter [mm]</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Clamping force scatter width factor </p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Clamping force scatter width factor  »verified«</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">26</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.6</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2.0*</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">40</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.8</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.7*</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">52</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.0</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.7*</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">65</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.0</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.6*</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">80</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.0</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.6*</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">100</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.5</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.6</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">125</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2.5</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.6</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">*    If as a consequence of dimensionally accurate workpieces, only 50% of the radial clamping reserve of the clamping head chuck is used up, the clamping force scatter width factor can be reduced by factor  [example: Size 52: ]</p><p class="HTabelle"><a name="dgref_115_3__0"></a><a name="_Toc227140562"></a>Table 5:    Scatter widths of clamping force</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HTextfett">Contact factor</p><p class="HText">Consult the following tables for the contact factor, depending on the form of contact or the contact scenario.</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:153.05pt;"><col style="width:153.1pt;"><col style="width:153.1pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Interference fit</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Saddle fit</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Edge fit</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">The clamping diameter of the clamping head matches the clamping diameter of the workpiece.</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">The clamping diameter of the clamping head is greater than the clamping diameter of the workpiece.</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">The clamping diameter of the clamping head is less than the clamping diameter of the workpiece.</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HGrafik"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12.0pt;"><img height="255" src="images/image_35.png" width="195"></span></p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HGrafik"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12.0pt;"><img height="255" src="images/image_36.png" width="195"></span></p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HGrafik"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12.0pt;"><img height="255" src="images/image_37.png" width="195"></span></p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">WS    Workpiece</p><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">SP     Clamping element<span class="RefTarget"> </span></p><p class="HTabelle"><a name="_Toc227140563"></a>Table 6:    Contact forms / scenarios</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:0;table-layout:fixed;width:100.0%;"><colgroup><col style="width:198.3pt;"><col style="width:131.45pt;"><col style="width:78.95pt;"><col style="width:78.95pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Contact factor </p></td><td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Machining conditions</p></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Contact form</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Interference fit and saddle fit</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Edge fit</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Smooth clamping head</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Dry</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.1</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.0</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Wet* / MMS**</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.2</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Clamping head with</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">longitudinal and transverse grooves</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Dry</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.1</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.0</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Wet* / MMS**</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.3</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.2</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Clamping head with</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Z or F serrations</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Dry</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.0</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.0</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Wet* / MMS**</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.2</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.1</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">*    Wet machining: Use of cooling lubricant [KSS]</p><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">**    MMS [MQL]: Use of minimum-quantity lubrication</p><p class="HTabelle"><a name="dgref_115_6__0"></a><a name="_Toc227140564"></a>Table 7:    Contact factor</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HTextfett">Specific cutting forces</p><p class="HText">These are approximate values, reflecting the relatively arbitrary sub-categorization of materials. As a result, relatively large deviations from real values can be present.</p><p class="HText">For deviating workpiece materials and/or for machining tasks in the boundary area of the clamping device, the respective  values of the workpiece material being machine needs to be determined precisely, and/or the supplier of the material needs to be consulted.</p><p class="HText">The following applies to drilling operations with a double-bladed tool:</p><p class="HText"> </p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;width:459.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:107.65pt;"><col style="width:113.4pt;"><col style="width:79.4pt;"><col style="width:79.4pt;"><col style="width:79.4pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Workpiece materials</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Specific cutting forces  at *</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Specific cutting forces  at *</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Specific cutting forces  at *</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Designation</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">DIN [ISO]</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Cast iron</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">For example EN-GJL-250</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1980</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1260</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">900</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Spherulitic graphite iron [unhardened]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">For example </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">EN-GJS-400-15</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2120</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1190</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1060</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">construction steels without alloys or with only a low alloy content [of average strength] / cementation steels [unhardened]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">For example</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">S235JR [1.0037]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">S275JR [1.0044]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Ck10 [1.1121]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">16MnCr5 [1.7131]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">18CrNi8[1.5920]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2920</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1840</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1500</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">construction steels without alloys or with only a low alloy content [unhardened, with higher strength]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">S355J2G3 [1.0570]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">E360 [1.0070]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">3350</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2000</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1600</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Tempered steels [pre-annealed]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">C45 [1.0503]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">C60 [1.0601]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">42CrMo4 [1.7225]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">34CrNiMo6 [1.6582]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2850</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1960</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1660</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">tool steels without alloys or with only a low alloy content [unhardened]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">C105W1 [1.1545]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">3100</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2100</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1690</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Machining steels</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">35S20 [1.0726]</p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">60S20 [1.0728]</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1700</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1480</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1400</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Stainless steels</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">3600</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2450</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2100</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Hardened steels</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">4800</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Aluminum forging alloy &lt;16% Si</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1340</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">900</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">750</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Aluminum casting alloy &lt;16% Si</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1520</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1000</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">850</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Brass</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1300</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">850</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">700</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">*    For feed rates between 0.05 mm and 0.1 mm, use the f=0.1 mm value with a 20% allowance.</p><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">**    For feed rates between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm, employ interpolation.</p><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">***    For feed rates between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm, employ interpolation. For feed rates &gt; 1.0 mm, use gap f=1.0 mm.</p><p class="HTabelle"><a name="dgref_115_8__0"></a><a name="_Toc535829193"></a><a name="_Toc227140565"></a>Table 8:    Specific cutting forces</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HTextfett">Friction coefficients</p><p class="HText">With workpieces made from a material other than steel, multiply these values by the correction values listed below.</p><p class="HText">When the workpiece is made of hardened steel, the values for smooth clamping heads always apply to ground workpiece surfaces.</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:141.75pt;"><col style="width:28.4pt;"><col style="width:289.1pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"><img alt="Grafik 8" height="22" src="images/image_3.png" width="3"></p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HHinweisfett">NOTE</p><p class="HHinweisfett">Damage to materials caused by using the wrong clamping head when clamping hardened materials!</p><p class="HHinweisListeQuadrat">For the clamping of hardened materials, or of high-tensile materials , the only permitted clamping heads are smooth with longitudinal and transverse serrations!</p><p class="HHinweisListeQuadrat">Other versions of clamping head may get damaged and lose their ability to achieve higher friction coefficients on soft materials.</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HTabellenende"> </p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:107.35pt;"><col style="width:88.0pt;"><col style="width:87.95pt;"><col style="width:87.95pt;"><col style="width:88.0pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Workpiece surface</p></td><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Clamping surface</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HGrafik"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12.0pt;"><img height="142" src="images/image_38.png" width="109"></span></p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HGrafik"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12.0pt;"><img height="141" src="images/image_39.png" width="109"></span></p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HGrafik"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12.0pt;"><img height="141" src="images/image_40.png" width="109"></span></p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HGrafik"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12.0pt;"><img height="142" src="images/image_41.png" width="109"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Smooth clamping head</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Clamping head with longitudinal and transverse serrations</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Clamping head with Z serrations</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilelinks">Clamping head with F serrations</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Finished, ground</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Finished to roughed</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Blank or unmachined</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:5.65pt;"><td rowspan="3" style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks">Material correction values</p></td><td colspan="2" style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks" style="text-align:right;">Aluminum alloys</p></td><td colspan="2" style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:5.65pt;"><td colspan="2" style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks" style="text-align:right;">Brass</p></td><td colspan="2" style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:5.65pt;"><td colspan="2" style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks" style="text-align:right;">Cast iron</p></td><td colspan="2" style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltlinks"> </p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">WS    Workpiece</p><p class="HLegendeBuchstabe">SP    Clamping element</p><p class="HTabelle"><a name="dgref_115_11__0"></a><a name="_Toc227140566"></a>Table 9:    Friction coefficient for steel workpieces</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HTextfett">Clamping head mass  and distance of mass center of gravity of clamping head segments to the rotational axis </p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:0;table-layout:fixed;width:100.0%;"><colgroup><col style="width:173.95pt;"><col style="width:173.95pt;"><col style="width:139.75pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Size of clamping head</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Distance to mass center of gravity  in smallest position</p></td><td style="background-color:#D9D9D9;border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleKopfzeilezentriert">Clamping head mass </p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">26</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.013</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.23</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">40</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.018</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.70</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">52</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.022</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.00</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">65</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.026</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">1.65</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">80</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.032</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">2.10</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">100</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.040</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">4.30</p></td></tr><tr style="height:19.85pt;"><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">125</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">0.062</p></td><td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1px;border-right:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1px;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTabelleInhaltzentriert">8.00</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HTabelle"><a name="dgref_115_13__0"></a><a name="_Toc227140567"></a>Table 10:    Clamping head mass and distance of mass center of gravity of clamping head segments to the rotational axis</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HTextfett">Determining the required clamping force</p><div><table cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:141.75pt;"><col style="width:28.35pt;"><col style="width:35.45pt;"><col style="width:253.7pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"><img alt="Grafik 10" height="26" src="images/image_4.png" width="30"></p></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HHinweisfett">INFORMATION</p></td></tr><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText">from --- fehlender Linktext ---</p></td></tr><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText">from --- fehlender Linktext ---</p></td></tr><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText">from --- fehlender Linktext ---</p></td></tr><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText">from --- fehlender Linktext ---</p></td></tr><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText">from --- fehlender Linktext ---</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HTabellenende"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.15pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:134.95pt;"><col style="width:6.7pt;"><col style="width:317.5pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;">I</p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:solid #FF0000 1px;border-bottom:none;border-left:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HTabellenende"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:141.75pt;"><col style="width:28.35pt;"><col style="width:289.15pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"><img alt="Grafik 2" height="26" src="images/image_4.png" width="30"></p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HHinweisfett">INFORMATION</p><p class="HText">Factor  takes account of possible fluctuations that may occur during power transmission.</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HTabellenende"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-142.0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.1pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:134.95pt;"><col style="width:6.7pt;"><col style="width:28.3pt;"><col style="width:289.15pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;">II</p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:solid #FF0000 1px;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HZwischenraum"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.1pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:134.95pt;"><col style="width:6.7pt;"><col style="width:28.3pt;"><col style="width:28.35pt;"><col style="width:260.8pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText">Turning [inner and outer]</p><p class="HText"> </p><p class="HText">Drilling [drilling solid materials, double-bladed tool, concentrically towards the workpiece axis]</p><p class="HText"> </p><p class="HText"> </p></td></tr></table></div><div><table cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:141.75pt;"><col style="width:28.35pt;"><col style="width:28.35pt;"><col style="width:260.8pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"><img alt="Grafik 3" height="26" src="images/image_4.png" width="30"></p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HHinweisfett">INFORMATION</p><p class="HText">When calculating machining forces, a level of tool blunting is built in, corresponding to a wear mark width of .</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HTabellenende"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-142.0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.1pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:134.85pt;"><col style="width:6.8pt;"><col style="width:28.3pt;"><col style="width:289.15pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;">III</p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:solid #FF0000 1px;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HZwischenraum"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.1pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:134.85pt;"><col style="width:6.8pt;"><col style="width:28.3pt;"><col style="width:28.35pt;"><col style="width:170.1pt;"><col style="width:90.7pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText">Longitudinal turning</p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText">Surface turning / plunge-machining</p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td colspan="2" style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText">If the workpiece is braced against a tailstock, it is OK to continue calculating with  from the computed  value.</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HZwischenraum"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-142.0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.1pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:134.85pt;"><col style="width:6.8pt;"><col style="width:28.3pt;"><col style="width:289.15pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;">IV</p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border-top:none;border-right:solid #FF0000 1px;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:solid #FF0000 1px;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText"> </p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HText">With reference to the principle defined at the start, this means that the radial clamping force of the clamping head chuck equates to at least the computed level of radial clamping force required  to resolve this use of the clamping head chuck.</p><p class="HText">If this condition is not satisfied, the clamping head chuck would not be suitable. It would not then be possible to perform this machining task.</p><p class="HText">When clamping and machining workpieces with bigger errors in radial and face run-out, please note that the cutting cross-section fluctuates greatly. Particular attention needs to be paid to the resultant local increase in cutting force.</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HTextfett">Determining the required clamping force for radial drilling operations</p><p class="HText">With radial drilling operations directed at the center, radial clamping force  is also determined in accordance with an approach</p><p class="HText"> </p><p class="HText">whereby, although based upon components  and , a simplified form [just transverse force] can be used:</p><p class="HText"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" class="Tabellenraster" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-142.0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:460.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:136.05pt;"><col style="width:6.7pt;"><col style="width:28.3pt;"><col style="width:289.2pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:14.15pt;"><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HTextfett" style="text-align:center;"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText"> </p></td><td style="border:none;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;vertical-align:middle;"><p class="HText">Determining of  can be calculated as follows for drilling operations performed radially in relation to the clamping device axis, in a similar way to Formula III:</p><p class="HText"> </p><p class="HText">To calculate , see the »Further to Principle 4: « chapter.</p><p class="HText"> </p></td></tr></table></div><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p>