<div id="heading"><h3 class="berschrift3"><a name="mod_1545308824856_0001"></a><a name="text_mod_1545308824856_0001"></a><a name="_Toc227140489"></a>Fourth limit [forces]</h3></div><p class="HText">The following sample calculation shows how to quantify the forces that are exerted on the workpiece from an external source.</p><p class="HText">The aim here is to establish whether</p><ol class="hb-list hb-list--decimal"><li class="hb-list__item">the clamping force required to absorb external forces and torques can be applied by the clamping device.</li><li class="hb-list__item">the clamping device is free of visible or invisible damage caused by those external forces.</li></ol><p class="HText">The forces and torques exerted on the clamping head and, ultimately, on the chuck are, for the most part,</p><p class="HTextListeBuchstabe">a)    the machining forces and torques to be absorbed</p><p class="HTextListeBuchstabe">b)    the density of the workpiece itself,</p><p class="HTextListeBuchstabe">c)    the centrifugal forces caused by the weight of the clamping head</p><p class="HTextListeBuchstabe">d)    where necessary, tailstock forces</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HTextfett">Principles for the forces exerted externally</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><div><table cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;width:459.25pt;"><colgroup><col style="width:141.75pt;"><col style="width:28.4pt;"><col style="width:289.1pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:26.3pt;"><td style="padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HMarginalie"> </p></td><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="Tabelleberschrift"><img alt="Grafik 1" height="22" src="images/image_2.png" width="25"></p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HHinweisfett">WARNING</p><p class="HHinweisfett">Serious injuries caused by failure to comply with the principles that govern safe machining!</p><p class="HHinweisListeQuadrat">Those principles must be maintained at all times to assure a safe machining process.</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HTabellenende"> </p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="HText">Pay attention to the following principles:</p><div><table cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:-141.75pt;table-layout:fixed;"><colgroup><col style="width:141.75pt;"><col style="width:158.75pt;"><col style="width:158.75pt;"></colgroup><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">1. Principle</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">AND</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">2. Principle</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">AND</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">3. Principle</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText">[Relevant to turning and/or to axial drilling operations.]</p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">AND</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">4. Principle</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText">[Relevant to a radial drilling operation directed at the center and/or for the application of an equivalent load. If radial forces and the resultant torques are not directed at the center, due account of this can be taken by a quasi cutting force outside the center.]</p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">AND</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett">5. Principle</p></td><td style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HTextfett"> </p></td></tr><tr style="height:7.1pt;"><td style="background-color:transparent;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HGrafik"> </p></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDDDDD;padding:2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt;"><p class="HText">[Relevant to a radial drilling operation directed at the center and/or for the application of an equivalent load. If radial forces and the resultant torques are not directed at the center, due account of this can be taken by a quasi cutting force outside the center.]</p></td></tr></table></div><p class="HTabellenende"> </p><p class="HText">With these principles, the assumption is that the clamping head chuck is used for a turning operation, or for an axial or radial drilling operation on the workpiece. There is no fundamental reason why the clamping head chuck cannot also be used for other machining tasks such as bypass milling or plunge-milling. In such cases, the owner must ensure that the forces and torques that occur are comparable to the equivalent permitted values for turning or drilling, to check the reliability of the application.</p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p><p class="dlModulbegrenzung0"> </p>